Humans have always been captivated by the fascinating world of animals. From ancient cave art depicting bovine creatures to the domestication of animals, our relationship with the animal kingdom has played a significant role in shaping human civilization for thousands of years[^1^]. While this bond continues to evolve, there is a wealth of knowledge to be gleaned from both the historical and scientific aspects of the human-animal relationship. By acknowledging and understanding these aspects, we can strengthen this bond and enhance the quality of care we provide to our animal companions.
Key Takeaways
Unveiling the Human-Animal Bond
According to the Human Animal Bond Research Institute (HABRI), the human-animal bond is defined as a dynamic and mutually beneficial relationship between people and animals[^2^]. This relationship is influenced by behaviors that are crucial to the health and well-being of both parties. It encompasses not only the emotional and psychological connections we have with animals but also the physical connections we share with the natural environment[^2^]. It’s important to note that relationships and attachments between humans and animals can vary greatly, from non-pet animals used in production and service to cherished family pets[^3^]. These relationships are subjective, conditional, and situational, depending on how we perceive and interact with different animals[^4^].
The Allure of Animals
Humans have an intrinsic desire for connection and attachment, whether it’s with inanimate objects or living organisms[^4^]. Animals, in particular, have always held a special place in our hearts. One explanation for this interest is the biophilia hypothesis, introduced by American ecologist E.O. Wilson in 1984[^5^]. Biophilia refers to our innate inclination to feel drawn towards various aspects of natural life, combining our emotional tendencies for living beings and nature itself. This complex concept is influenced by our environment, culture, and the ecological relationships we have with flora and fauna. Animals serve as a direct link to nature, which piques our attraction and interest in them[^5^]. Our emotions towards animals can range from positive, such as joy, to negative or neutral emotions[^4^]. Early humans, driven by the desire to be more connected to nature, developed a myriad of relationships with the animals in their environment[^5^].
The Historical Significance of the Human-Animal Bond
Hunter-gatherer societies, which dominated early human civilization, provided ample opportunities for interaction with animals in their environment[^4^]. Initially, these interactions were centered around obtaining resources such as meat, bones, and skins from animals. However, as humans coexisted with animals, they began to recognize certain similarities between themselves and the creatures they encountered. Humans also became more invested in studying animal activities, such as migratory patterns, food sources, and behavior[^5^]. Animals eventually found their place in cultural ceremonies through worship, sacrifice, and symbolism. This increased interaction with animals led to anthropomorphism, where humans began attributing human characteristics to animals, reinforced by physical features like expressive eyes and mouth[^5^]. Anthropomorphism played a crucial role in the domestication of animals, especially those with whom humans formed a deep connection through gaze or facial features[^5^]. As humans developed closer bonds with animals, they began selectively breeding them to manifest desired traits such as docility, manageability, and even juvenile appearances[^6^].
The Evolving Roles of Animals in the Human-Animal Bond
Domestication involved the intentional breeding of animals with desired traits while discouraging the breeding of animals without those traits[^7^]. This biological process resulted in changes to the genetic profile of animals, affecting the frequency of desired traits. However, certain characteristics, such as physiological and behavioral processes, remained unchanged, ensuring some consistency in species[^7^]. Animals bred for these desired traits became better companions for work, comfort, and as sources of food[^7^].
Juvenile appearances became highly desirable for several reasons. Young animals tend to share certain features with young humans, such as large eyes on a small face and a more innocent, softer appearance[^4^]. Juvenile animals also retain underdeveloped features, including smaller teeth, horns, and fur composition[^6^][^7^]. This retention of juvenile characteristics, known as neoteny, drove the selection of these traits for both fiscal and social purposes. For example, food animals like cows and pigs yield higher meat and fat when their bodies preserve these juvenile characteristics[^6^]. The playful behavior of young animals also contributed to the manageability of carnivorous mammals, making animals with smaller statures more desirable as companions[^4^][^7^].
Animals: Beyond Utilitarian Roles
The introduction of domestication opened up new roles for animals beyond providing sustenance. Dogs, being the earliest domesticated animals, played a vital role in assisting early hunter-gatherer societies with hunting and taking down prey[^6^][^8^]. With the advent of agriculture, animals began to fulfill utilitarian roles, offering work, service, and renewable sources of food and materials[^6^]. As humans continued to invest in the propagation of domestic animals, some animals’ roles shifted from utilitarian to companionship, giving rise to the concept of pets[^6^]. Pets are animals that are generally not considered primary food sources but provide pleasure and companionship to humans[^9^]. This companionship fosters a sense of attachment and fulfills our innate need to bond[^9^]. However, while most owner-pet relationships are positive, there can be consequences to this increased bonding. Pets, particularly dogs, have a remarkable ability to decipher human cues and recognize familiar faces. While this strengthens the bond between them and their owners, it may also lead to difficulties in interacting with unfamiliar humans and separation anxiety when the owner is absent[^6^].
The Science Behind the Human-Animal Bond
The historical context of human-animal relationships serves as a foundation for further understanding the human-animal bond from a scientific perspective. As society and our relationships with animals evolve, our knowledge of the science behind this bond continues to grow. Close human-animal interactions have been linked to positive psychological, physical, and physiological outcomes. However, negative outcomes are also associated with these interactions[^10^].
Animals have long been used in therapeutic environments, even before the advent of contemporary animal-assisted therapies[^11^]. Florence Nightingale, for instance, recognized the soothing and pleasure patients could derive from animal companionship as early as the 19th century[^11^]. Today, animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) are employed to address psychological conditions such as depression and social/developmental conditions like autism[^11^]. Interactions with animals have been shown to decrease blood pressure, increase exercise, and improve mood[^4^]. However, more research is needed to provide valid data supporting these findings[^6^][^11^].
While AAIs hold exciting potential to improve human health outcomes, it is crucial to consider animal safety and welfare when utilizing these strategies[^11^]. The enjoyment of the interaction should be mutual, benefiting both humans and animals[^11^]. Animals involved in AAIs should undergo thorough behavioral assessments and receive regular veterinary examinations[^10^]. Zoonotic risks and safety concerns, such as disease transmission and allergies, must be addressed for the well-being of both humans and animals[^10^].
The science of the human-animal bond also extends beyond human benefits and consequences. Pets, when well-cared for, experience lower heart rates, reduced stress levels, and improved moods[^4^]. Proper nutrition and availability of food are equally crucial for their well-being[^12^]. However, the availability of food can become an issue when pet owners overfeed their animals, leading to obesity and associated health problems[^12^]. Additionally, artificial selection has resulted in detrimental modifications to breed characteristics, such as exaggerated brachycephaly, negative behavior traits, and disproportionate anatomy[^12^].
The Role of Veterinary Nurses in the Human-Animal Bond
Veterinary nurses play a vital role in incorporating human-animal bonding strategies and techniques into the clinical environment. By integrating key aspects of the human-animal bond throughout a patient’s visit, the delivery of care can be improved. This approach emphasizes teamwork and collaboration with clients, reinforcing a shared objective of providing high-quality care and ensuring the patient’s well-being[^10^].
Each member of the veterinary team has a unique responsibility in caring for patients. Leading by example, practitioners like Drs. Katie Niksich and Carlo Riolo have successfully incorporated the knowledge of the human-animal bond into multiple aspects of their clinical work. In their practice, they recognize and involve clients in a collaborative approach to treatment, emphasizing their role as both caregivers and patients. Clients are taught how to continue caring for their pets throughout their lives, strengthening the bond they share[^3^]. This inclusive approach acknowledges and respects the attachment clients have with their pets, fostering trust and understanding. Veterinary nurses can expand their knowledge of the human-animal bond through certifications and courses, such as the Human-Animal Bond Certification developed by the NAVC and HABRI. They can also explore professional development opportunities from various vendors and pursue the Veterinary Technician Specialty in Animal Behavior[^10^].
In Conclusion
Throughout history, humans have demonstrated an interest in and connection to the natural world, forming relationships and bonds with animals they encountered in their environment. What began as a utilitarian relationship evolved into companionship, allowing for deeper connections between humans and animals. These bonds fulfill our innate desire for stronger ties with animals and offer numerous psychological, physical, and physiological benefits[^4^]. Nonetheless, the increased interaction between humans and animals necessitates careful consideration of the risks involved. Veterinary nurses, armed with their understanding of human emotions and cross-species bonds, become key facilitators in establishing a sense of teamwork and empathy within the healthcare setting. They should also be well-versed in the health benefits and potential downsides of the human-animal bond, enabling them to educate caregivers effectively[^10^].
Opportunities abound for veterinary nurses to enhance their knowledge of the human-animal bond and promote best practices. By continuously pursuing education and staying abreast of the latest research, veterinary nurses can nurture and strengthen the enduring connection between humans and animals. After all, it is through our mutual understanding and care that we can truly elevate the quality of life for both humans and our beloved animal companions[^6^][^10^].
Six Minute Dates is your chance to meet multiple people in a short amount of time and potentially find a love connection. Sign up now at Six Minute Dates to discover the joys of speed dating!
